tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-74202135646416999972024-03-12T21:49:17.418-07:00Recruitment History of Indian ArmyDeepakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04333964685898366968noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7420213564641699997.post-20003038432374393022012-09-22T10:00:00.001-07:002012-09-22T10:51:21.863-07:00PHOTOS FROM THE ARCHIVES<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The following photos have been taken from various locations. Each photo conveys the difficult conditions under which the Indian Soldier was serving the British Empire.<br />
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The Indian Cavalry charging the enemy in the Mesopotamia war.<br />
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The Indian Cavalry advancing in Mesopotamia.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Indian soldiers preparing for mustard gas.</td></tr>
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Indian Transport unit advancing in Mesopotamia.<br />
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Bengal Native Infantry Soldiers with the British Flag.<br />
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<u><span style="font-size: x-small;">The North-West
Frontier of India in 1897</span></u><br />
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<u><span style="font-size: x-small;">Preparing to advance
on the Frontier - 1897</span></u><br />
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<span style="font-family: Bookman Old Style; font-size: x-small;"><u>An Indian
Mountain Battery in action.</u></span><br />
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The Pay Book of 1920's and you would see nothing much has changed till date.<br />
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The cover: same format is used even today.<br />
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Similar certificate is pasted on a Paybook even today.<br />
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Deepakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04333964685898366968noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7420213564641699997.post-18464523054714643632010-06-07T08:54:00.000-07:002012-10-04T05:56:55.854-07:00HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i>I have served in the Recruitment Directorate for over five years and this is an attempt to pay back the Directorate which has served the nation by carrying this thankless job for last so many years.....</i></div>
<b><i>Col Deepak Joshi (Retd)</i></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b>" </b><i>The colour and pageantry of the old colonial Indian Army, and the
rather nostalgic way it is remembered, can easily distract any
analyst from understanding its primary purpose, namely, to act as an
instrument of war raised and developed through necessity. The Indian
Army, and its predecessors, the East India Company and
Presidency Armies, were designed to defeat Asian conventional armies,
rebellions and insurgencies, and act as expeditionary forces from
East Africa to East Asia. The various forms they took, so admired at
the time and since, should be seen for what they were: tactical
infantry formations specialising in conventional linear engagements,
light artillery for mountain warfare, armed constabulary to ‘watch
and ward’ on the frontiers, as light cavalry able to meet any
emergency; and later: as fighter squadrons to defend Indian air
space, destroyer crews to dominate the Bay of Bengal, or armoured
regiments to fight their way to Rangoon against the Imperial Japanese
Army. The various changes made to the Indian Army throughout its
history reflected developments not only in technology or strategic
threat, but reactions to failure and setback, attempts to incorporate
diverse cultural expectations and the need to inculcate a specific
military culture. Above all, change was through both necessity and a
prescient recognition of changing tasks and roles. Unlike the armies
of Persia, the Ottoman Empire, Afghanistan, Burma, or China, which
failed to transform successfully, the Indian Army was equipped and
guided through its evolution under European control." Dr Rob Johnson, Oxford University.</i></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">T</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">he Indian Army of the Raj has no parallel in history</span>. </span></span><link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CFamily%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"></link><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><o:smarttagtype name="place" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><o:smarttagtype name="City" namespaceuri="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags"></o:smarttagtype><span style="color: black;">The
Indian Army has its origins in the years after the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian Rebellion of 1857, when in 1858<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the Crown<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>took over direct rule of <st1:place w:st="on">British India</st1:place> from the East India Company. Before 1858,
the precursor units of the Indian Army were units controlled by the Company and
were paid for by their profits. These operated alongside units of the British
Army, funded by the British government in<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:city>.<span style="font-family: Verdana;"> </span>During the Great War of 1914-1918, The Indian Army sent hundreds of
thousands of desperately needed soldiers to the fields of France
& Flanders, the rocks of Gallipoli & Salonika, the mountains
of East Africa & the North-West Frontier, and the deserts of
Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia & Persia. By the time of the
Armistice, the Indian Army emerged with a fighting record second to
none, and could take pride in the work they had done. During the
1920's and 1930's, the Indian Army remained busy fighting on the
Frontiers of India, while regimental life and sport maintained a
high level of professionalism and <i>esprit de corps</i>.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">In general, the army has steadily evolved into a
more heterogeneous service since 1947. Regiments raised during and after World
War II have recruited Indians of almost all categories, and the doubling of the
army's size after the 1962 border war with </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on">China</st1:country></st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> sped up the process. The
armed forces have made a concerted effort to recruit among underrepresented
segments of the population and, during the late 1970s and the early 1980s,
reformed the recruiting process to eliminate some of the subjectivity in the
candidate selection process. After a little unrest in the armed forces due to
Operation Blue Star it was proposed that all the infantry units be intermixed
[no Rajput regiment, Sikh regiment, etc]. But in the end the proposal was dropped.
Since 1989 the government has sought to apportion recruitment from each state
and union territory according to its share of the population. The Indian Army
has still not discarded the colonial tradition of recruitment based on allotting
vacancies category wise. Recruitment in army is based on intake from all
categories so that equal opportunities are provided to one and all. Vacancies
are filled biannually and categories to be filled are advertised accordingly.</span><o:p></o:p></span>
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-<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Secularism has been
traditionally followed in the Indian Army. In mixed regiments, like the Guards,
the Grenadiers, the Rajputana Rifles, the Punjab Regiment and the J&K
Rifles, a prayer room is set aside for followers of all the faiths and equal
time is allotted. Secularism does not exclude religion, but gives equal
opportunity to all for saying their prayers.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The largest of the colonial military forces was the British Indian Army.
Up to Indian independence, this was a volunteer army, raised from the
native population and staffed by British officers. The Indian Army
served both as a security force in India itself and, particularly during
the World Wars, in other theaters. The Indian Army proved a very useful
adjunct to British forces wherever it served. Recruitment was entirely
voluntary; about 1.3 million men served in the First World War, many on
the Western Front, and 2.5 million in the Second. Initially the soldiers
and NCO's were Indian, with British officers, but later Indian officers
were promoted King's Commissioned Indian Officer. The Indian Army has remained volunteer Army till date.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">The British Indian Army remained Bengal centric till about 1857, and then the Great Mutiny happened. This was the time when the balance of recruitment tilted towards North India, specially Punjab. Most drastic effect of this mutiny was a gradual shift in recruitment from Bengal Region was to Punjab. </span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><i><b>The Early Years </b></i></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><b> </b></i></span></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>T</b></span>he history of recruitment in India goes back to the Moghul times, when they introduced and refined the "<b style="color: blue;">Mansabdari </b>" system. This system was used very effectively for obtaining a large army for campaigns, with minimal expenditure being incurred .</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Mansabdar was the generic term for the military -type grading of all imperial officials of the Mughal Empire.</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Inevitably, such a system bred a wide variation in training standards, loyalty, and morale, and uneven leadership. Nevertheless, for internal empire building, and keeping outlying principalities in line, this system worked.</span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Notwithstanding this, the recruitment system , as we know it in the modern Indian Army, owes it's origins to the East Indian Company.</span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBBcSi8hm1I/AAAAAAAABWE/0eyM2_WJ5A8/s1600/LordClive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBBcSi8hm1I/AAAAAAAABWE/0eyM2_WJ5A8/s320/LordClive.jpg" /></a></div>
<b style="color: blue;"><i> "The East India Company is, or rather was, an anomaly without a parallel in the history of the world. It originated from sub-scriptions, trifling in amount, of a few private individuals. It gradually became a commercial body with gigantic resources, and by the force of unforeseen circumstances assumed the form of a sovereign power, while those by whom its affairs were directed continued, in their individual capacities, to be without power or political influence."</i></b> <b style="color: blue;">— Bentley's Miscellany (1858)</b></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA3sCSlOSZI/AAAAAAAABS0/MdACcY3kq34/s1600/nypl2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA3sCSlOSZI/AAAAAAAABS0/MdACcY3kq34/s1600/nypl2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA3sCSlOSZI/AAAAAAAABS0/MdACcY3kq34/s1600/nypl2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a>
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<b>Lord Robert Clive</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i> The natural fortifications of the island enclave, especially its
excellent harbor, helped ensure Bombay’s rapid rise as a center of
regional trade</i>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-JJYNI77I/AAAAAAAABVU/wiE9RkQURvY/s1600/East%2BIndia%2BHouse%2Bby%2BThomas%2BShepherd%2Bc.1828..jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-JJYNI77I/AAAAAAAABVU/wiE9RkQURvY/s320/East%2BIndia%2BHouse%2Bby%2BThomas%2BShepherd%2Bc.1828..jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>East India House</b> in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="Leadenhall Street">Leadenhall Street</a> in the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="City of London">City of London</a> in <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="England">England</a> was the headquarters of the <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. It was built on the foundations of the Elizabethan mansion Craven House, the London residence of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="William Craven (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir William Craven, Lord Mayor of London</a>, to designs by the merchant and amateur architect <a class="new" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="Theodore Jacobsen (page does not exist)">Theodore Jacobson</a> and completed in 1729. Much of <a href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.do" title="British India">British India</a> was governed from here until the British government took control of the Company's possessions in India on November 1, 1858. </i></span>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b> </b> </i></span> <span style="font-size: large;"><b>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>In 1772, Calcutta became the capital of British
India, and the first Governor General Warren Hastings moved
all important offices from Murshidabad to Calcutta. It remained the capital of India</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i> uptill 1912</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>. </i></span></div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><i style="color: blue;"><b>The Arrival of East India Company</b></i></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">T</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">he East India Company had the unusual distinction of ruling an entire country. On 31 December 1600, a group of merchants who had incorporated themselves into the East India Company were given monopoly privileges on all trade with the East Indies. The Company's ships first arrived in India, at the port of Surat, in 1608. Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, as the emissary of King James I in 1615, and gained for the British the right to establish a factory at Surat. Gradually the British eclipsed the Portuguese and over the years they saw a massive expansion of their trading operations in India. Numerous trading posts were established along the east and west coasts of India, and considerable English communities developed around the three presidency towns of Calcutta,</span> Bombay, and Madras. In 1717, <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">the Company achieved its hitherto most notable success when it received a </span><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">firman</i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> or royal diktat from the Mughal Emperor exempting the Company from the payment of custom duties in Bengal.</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA5EHCgbjyI/AAAAAAAABU8/UF4q3vpHo84/s1600/rsim9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="238" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA5EHCgbjyI/AAAAAAAABU8/UF4q3vpHo84/s320/rsim9.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">T</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">he Company saw the rise of its fortunes, and its transformation from a trading venture to a ruling enterprise, when one of its military officials, Robert Clive, defeated the forces of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah , at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. A few years later the Company acquired the right to collect revenues on behalf of the Mughal Emperor, but the initial years of its administration were calamitous for the people of Bengal. The Company's servants were largely a rapacious and self-aggrandizing lot, and the plunder of Bengal left the formerly rich province in a state of utter destitution. The famine of 1769-70, which the Company's policies did nothing to alleviate, may have taken the lives of as many as a third of the population. The Company, despite the increase in trade and the revenues coming in from other sources, found itself burdened with massive military expenditures, and its destruction seemed imminent. State intervention put the ailing Company back on its feet, and Lord North's India Bill, also known as the Regulating Act of 1773, provided for greater parliamentary control over the affairs of the Company, besides placing India under the rule of a Governor-General.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b style="color: red;">The 31st Foot attacking the Sikh fortifications on the morning of the second day of the Battle of Ferozeshah : 21 December 1845</b></i></span>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">T</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">he first Governor-General of India was Warren Hastings. Under his dispensation, the expansion of British rule in India was pursued vigorously, and the British sought to master indigenous systems of knowledge. Hastings remained in India until 1784 and was succeeded by Cornwallis, who initiated the Permanent Settlement, whereby an agreement in perpetuity was reached with zamindars or landlords for the collection of revenue. For the next fifty years, the British were engaged in attempts</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">to eliminate Indian rivals, and it is under the administration of Wellesley that British territorial expansion was achieved with ruthless efficiency. Major victories were achieved against Tipu Sultan of Mysore and the Maratha's, and finally the subjugation and conquest of the Sikhs in a series of Anglo- Sikh Wars led to British occupation over the entirety of India.
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><i>The Army Under East India Company</i></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="color: black;">Major Stringer Lawrence, who formed the first military units of the East India</span><br style="color: black;" /><span style="color: black;">Company in Madras in 1748, is regarded as ‘<i><b>The Father of the Indian Army</b></i>’. He </span><span style="color: black;">organised the British Indian Army that was divided into three presidencies: Bengal, </span><span style="color: black;">Madras and Bombay. The three presidencies formed their own armies which later on </span><span style="color: black;">constituted the Indian Army: the Bengal Army ;</span><span style="color: black;"> the Madras Army </span><span style="color: black;">; and the Bombay Army (that arrived as a detachment when Bombay </span><span style="color: black;">passed to the British as part of the dowry that Catherine of Braganza brought to her </span><span style="color: black;">marriage to Charles II). The first British regulars, the 39th Foot, arrived in India in </span><span style="color: black;">1754 under the command of Colonel John Adlercron. He began the amalgamation of </span><span style="color: black;">the East India Company’s Indian Army (European and Indian troops) and Royal British regulars (rented from the Crown and constituted the British Army) in India. Until this time all – British and Indian, Company and Royal troops – were officered by Britons. </span></span></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><i> </i> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The East India Company Army:</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> The Company established the Three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta primarily to safe guard their factories and other commercial interests in India. By 1708 all factories were place under these Presidencies. The Presidential Armies grew in Size as the interests of the Company grew.. These Armies grew as distinctive Armies and the Indian soldier were referred as "Native Troops" and were commanded by Indian Officers.In Bengal, the "</span><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Buxarries</b></i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">" from Buxar were recruited and there were a total of 300 Indian soldiers in Bengal Army. In 1683, the Bombay Presidency recruited two companies of 500 Rajputs. Muslims and </span><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Topasses</b></i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> were also recruited thereafter. The Madras Army recruited Telingas from </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i>Telengana </i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Region. The initial strength was some 150 soldiers and they were also known as </span><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Topasses</b></i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">.
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<b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">F</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">rom as early as the 1770s, the British East India Company army officials began to compete with Indian rulers in recruiting peasant soldiers from the zamindaris of Bihar, the Benaras Raj and the Awadh Nawabi. The comparative success of the Company in recruiting its peasant army gradually drew these Indian polities into its military and monetary orbit. From 1802, the East India Company began its expansion into the region of the Farrukhabad Nawabi, the Rohilkhand state and the Shinde and Samru territory, for which it urgently required cavalry regiments to control revenue-bearing territories as well as meet the challenges of the mounted armies of the Marathas, the Mewatis and the Pindaris. It is here that people like James Skinner, William Linnaeus Gardner and the Irish mercenary George Thomas helped East India Company lay the foundation of a military tradition in North India. The employment of officers like James Skinner introduced into the Company`s army certain military practices of this Indian state and the conception of military honour into the Company`s army</span>.
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<b><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"> </st1:country></st1:place></b>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>I</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">t was only after the Battle of Calcutta in 1757, that the </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i style="color: #444444;">First Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry</i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> was raised, nicked named </span><b style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i>'Lal Paltan'</i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">.
It consisted of recruits from Bihar, Oudh, Doab, Rohilkhand and some
even from West of Indus River. Men were recruited after due care and
ascertaining their physique & background.</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">These regiments had </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Pathans, Muslims, Rohilas, Jats, Rajputs</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Brahmins </b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. It did not have local </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bengalis</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. Madras Presidency also decided to raise its sepoys battalions on the lines of Clive's </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: #444444;">"Lal Paltan". </span></i></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bombay Presidency got it's</span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: #444444;"> Lal Paltan</span></i></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> in</span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i><span style="color: #444444;"> 1760. </span></i></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The sepoys of <b>East India Company</b>
were dressed and trained just like their European counterparts. They
were initially led by Indian Officers, who showed outstanding qualities
of leadership.</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 3877px; word-spacing: -1px;"> Men with rural</span><span class="a" style="left: 525px; top: 4020px;"> backgrounds, lacking education, character<span class="l6">ised both European and Indian infantr<span class="l6">ymen and troopers.</span></span></span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 4164px; word-spacing: -1px;">The Indian recruits had to stand 5’7’’ tall and meet the s<span class="w6"></span>ame physical standards as would any British</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 4308px; word-spacing: -1px;"> enlisted man. There was little ideological about <span class="w6"></span>this, and the approach was universal. Discipline was</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 4452px; word-spacing: -1px;"> firm for both, but was proven, time after time, to <span class="w6"></span>be necessary to drill men to overcome their </span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 4595px; word-spacing: -1px;">instinctive desire to save themselves in a close quarter battle. </span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 1216px; word-spacing: -1px;">Another major reason for the recruitment of troops in India had been the need to find employment for </span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 1359px; word-spacing: -1px;">unskilled men who might otherwise foment disorder, a strategy the British had used successfully North</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 1503px;"> America and in Scotland. </span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 3733px; word-spacing: -1px;">Christian evangelism was opposed by the Company in India</span><span class="a" style="left: 525px; top: 3877px;"> because, as the Commander in Chief, Charles Cor<span class="l6">nwallis, stated, " <i><b>They might: ‘endanger a governmen<span class="l6">t</span></b></i></span></span><i><b><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 4020px; word-spacing: -1px;"> which owes its principal support to a native <span class="w6"></span>army composed of men of high caste whose fidelity and</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 4164px; word-spacing: -1px;"> affections we have hitherto secured by an unremitted attention not to offend their religious beliefs"</span></b></i></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-ZzPuez4I/AAAAAAAABVc/Ll43VJN5nSM/s1600/65721797.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-ZzPuez4I/AAAAAAAABVc/Ll43VJN5nSM/s320/65721797.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>F</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">rom 1802, the East India Company began its expansion into
the region of the Farrukhabad Nawabi, the Rohilkhand state and the Shinde and
Samru territory. The Company urgently required cavalry regiments to control
revenue-bearing territories as well as meet the challenges of the mounted
armies of the Maratha's, the Mewatis and the Pindaris against whom this part of
the Doab had acted as a buffer zone.James Skinner is regarded as a representative for a category
of European and Eurasian military leaders, who had determined the East India
Company`s cavalry-based military tradition. He raised </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Skinner's Horse</b> (<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">now
called First HORSE)</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">in</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1803</span>. <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Later William
Linnaeus Gardner raised </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Gardner</st1:place></st1:city>'s Horse</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> in 1809 (now called 2nd
Lancers). The
employment of officers
like James Skinner who had successful careers in the Maratha army of
Shinde,
introduced into the Company`s army certain military practices of this
Indian
state. Most important however was the incorporation of the Mughal
practice of
recruitment and conception of military honour into the Company`s army.
To raise the Cavalry units, they borrowed/ took on hire horses and
riders from local Rajas/ Princes</span>. <span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 928px; word-spacing: -1px;">By the 1840s, much of the sub-continent was under Company rule or allied to it. The <span class="w6"></span>Bombay</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 1072px; word-spacing: -1px;"> Presidency had recruited such a large number of local sepoys by 1805 that it <span class="w6"></span>could muster over 26,000</span><span class="a" style="left: 546px; top: 1216px; word-spacing: -1px;">men, while Madras and Bengal could each muster a further 64,000 each.</span></div>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-aDd2Zq0I/AAAAAAAABVk/aajADq4lpH8/s1600/11161.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-aDd2Zq0I/AAAAAAAABVk/aajADq4lpH8/s320/11161.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>T</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">he first Sikh Corps was
raised by Capt Rattray as Bengal Military Police Battalion , which was
subsequently changed to 45 Bengal Infantry. in 1857.</span>
<b> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The composition of Indian Troops in 1856 under the East India Company was as follows:</span></b>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li> <b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bengal Army</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- 1,37,571 Indian Troops belonging to Cavalry, Artillery, Sappers & Miners and Infantry. Of these approximately 10% were Muslims and the rest Hindus/ Sikhs.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<li> <b>Bombay Army </b>- It consisted of 44,929 Indian Troops. The caste composition was approximately 33% were Hindus/ Muslims from North India, 33% Maratha's and the balance were lower caste Mahars.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"></ul>
<ul>
<li><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Madras Army </b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">- It consisted of 49,252 Indian Troops. The composition was mainly Muslims from North and lower caste Hindus from </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i>Telengana</i></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Region.</span><br />
</li>
</ul>
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<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-aSZ91lLI/AAAAAAAABV0/sv5Ga5BZHqY/s1600/33172047.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA-aSZ91lLI/AAAAAAAABV0/sv5Ga5BZHqY/s320/33172047.jpg" /></a></div>
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<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 643px;">
<colgroup><col width="116"></col>
<col width="509"></col>
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<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" valign="TOP" width="633"><div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<u><b>Recruitment
Catchment Areas
of the Three P<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-size: small;">residencies</span></span></b></u></div>
<div align="CENTER" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div align="CENTER">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="116"><b>Bengal </b><br />
<b>Army</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="509">Bihar, Oudh, Agra, Punjab, Nepal. (Caste based recruitment)
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="116"><b>Madras </b><br />
<b>Army
</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="509"><div style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Madras, Hyderabad, Central
Provinces, Burma. (Supra-caste,
</div>
religion & class recruitment)
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="116"><b>Bombay </b><br />
<b>Army
</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="509">Bombay, Sindh, Rajputana, Aden. (Supra-Caste, Class &
religion)
Gorkhas were later added to this region.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span style="color: blue;">Changes After 1857 </span></i></span></st1:country></st1:place></b>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">O</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">n </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">1</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">November1858</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Queen <st1:state w:st="on">Victoria</st1:state> </b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">assumed the governance of </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. It was appreciated that the British could no longer function in </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> purely as a military power. They, therefore, concentrate on improving their system of administration and introducing social reforms. </span></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span>
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">n 1895 the Presidency Armies were abolished and the process commenced of dividing Indian Army into four commands that is Punjab, which included North-West Frontier and Punjab Frontier Force; Bengal; </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Madras</st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> which included </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Burma</st1:country><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, and </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Bombay</st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> which included Sind, </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Quetta</st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Aden</st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. Certain units and local corps, however, remained directly under the Government of India.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA5C-cyk2nI/AAAAAAAABUc/5qoObTP7YBs/s1600/16thrajput-m2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TA5C-cyk2nI/AAAAAAAABUc/5qoObTP7YBs/s320/16thrajput-m2.jpg" /></a></div>
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</style><span style="font-size: large;"><b> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">I</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">n November 1902, </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Lord Kitchener</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> became </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Commander-in-Chief</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and immediately set to work on further reorganisation and redistribution of the Army in </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. Since the recruitment pattern shifted further towards the north-central areas towards the end of 19 Century, in 1903 it again became necessary for Indian battalions to be given new names like Madrassis, Punjabis, Bengal Infantry (with the term ‘native’ dispensed with much earlier), Marathas, Rajputs, Sikhs, Jats, Garhwalis, Moplahs and so on, depending on their recruiting pattern.</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">To cite an example, the initial five battalions of the Madras Presidency were further re designated as ‘Punjabi’ battalions. By adding a numerical 60 to their Madras Infantry designation, these battalions then became 67, 69, 72, 74, and 87 ‘Punjabis’ respectively. A similar restructuring took place in the other Presidencies</span>.
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>L</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">ord Kitchner completed the unification of Indian Army, which had begun in1895. Further reorganisation to include a centralised command and control was resorted to in 1903. The four commands were reduced to two, that is Northern Army and Southern Army, and all infantry regiments after re-numbering were grouped into brigades and divisions placed under permanent commanders with staff.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Changes in Recruitment
Policies<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>O</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">ne of the major change which
took place in recruitment policy was to separate the catchment area of recruitment
from the area where the Indian Sepoy was to serve. Unlike the East India
Company which believed in using the Indians for operations in the areas where
they belonged, to make use of their local expertise, the British wanted to use
them away from their native places, one of the after effects of the “</span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><i>Indian</i></b><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <b>Sepoy</b> <b>Mutiny</b>”. </i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Another change was to make the Native Infantry
Provincial in nature and not base it on caste</span><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> system </i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">alone</span><i style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. </i><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">This was
to avoid the two major problems which the British perceived, firstly the
community feeling which caste system recruitment generated and secondly to
avoid the “Mischievous” political activity & intrigue which resulted from
association</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">with other races & castes in that area. In order to avoid the
discontent amongst Natives on postings away from home, the word </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Native</b> was dropped from all
designations of all Infantry Regiments in the year <b>1885</b>. The Regiments were now called <b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bengal Infantry, <st1:city w:st="on">Bombay</st1:city>
Infantry and <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Madras</st1:place></st1:city>
Infantry. </b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Another fallout of the</span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Mutiny
was that in order</span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">t</span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">o contain such rebellion in future the British were
compelled to recruit soldiers from the </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Punjab</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">.
Gradually, the base of recruitment to the British Indian army shifted west,
from the </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">UP</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bihar</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> to the </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><b>Punjab</b></st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and now </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Haryana</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>B</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">y the end of
the nineteenth century, recruitment was confined to certain social classes and
communities--principally those in the Northern border areas and </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Punjab</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. The narrowing recruitment base was a response to
the Sepoy Rebellion and reflected the needs of prevailing security
requirements. The bulk of the rebels in the Bengal Army came from the </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Indo-Gangetic Plain</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> while those that
had remained loyal were mostly from </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Punjab</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">.
The experience of the mutiny also gave rise to a pseudo-ethnological
construction, the concept of </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">"martial
races"</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> in </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">South Asia</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. The
popularization of this notion was widely attributed to </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><b>Frederick</b></st1:city><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Sleigh Roberts, Earl of </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Kandahar</st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">,
</span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Pretoria</st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, and </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Waterford</st1:place></st1:city>.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>R</b></span><b>oberts </b>was an Indian-born veteran of the
British forces that put down the Sepoy Rebellion and the Commander in Chief of
the British Indian Army from 1885 to 1893. He believed that the most martial races were
located in northwestern </span><st1:country -region="-region" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">.
He regarded </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Bengalis, Marathas, and Southern ethnic groups</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> as lacking in martial virtues. Their warlike
propensities, he contended, had dissipated because of the ease of living and
the hot, enervating climate of these regions. <b>Roberts's</b> views profoundly
influenced the composition of the British Indian army in the last decades of
the nineteenth century. For example, when the Bengal Army was reestablished in
1885, its new units were drawn from </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Punjab</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. </span><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">(Martial Class will be dealt with in detail
else where in the blog)</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I</span></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">n 1892 army
policy was changed significantly. Units were no longer raised on a territorial
basis but along what was referred to as "</span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">class</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">" lines. In effect, regiments admitted only those having
similar ethnic, religious, or caste backgrounds. Between 1892 and 1914,
recruitment was confined almost entirely to the martial races. These modes of
recruitment and organization created a professional force profoundly shaped by
caste and regional factors and loyal and responsive to British command. The
procedures also perpetuated regional and communal ties and produced an army
that was not nationally based.</span></div>
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.
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Raising of Class regiments & Recruitment Centres: </b>Recruiting Centres were established in 1891 and <b>"Class Regiments" </b>in 1892 completed the process of edging out non martial races of the "Softer Races" of Southern and Eastern Provinces from the Army. Recruiting Depots under District Recruiting Officers were</span> <span style="font-size: small;">set up first time when in Bengal Army. In 1892 it was decided to reorganise Sixteen Infantry Regiments of Bengal Army into " Class Regiments" of well known fighting class viz The Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs, Gorkhas, Muslims, Garhwalis, Multanis, Pathans, Kumaonies, pathans, Dogras, and Punjabies.It was felt that it would foster a greater degree of espirit de corps and induce keener and more healthier rivalry between regiments. It was also aimed to divide the class and communities for the larger interest of the British Empire. The system of recruiting centres was also introduced into Bombay Army. It comprised of Marathas, Punjabies, Baluchies, jats, Rajputs, Decanni Brahmins, Telengana Christians, low caste Brahmins / Rajputs / Marathas and Gurasians. </span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">T</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">he first Indian officers, recruited into the Indian Army under the
British in 1905, came from aristocratic families. They were <b>Zorawar Singh</b> of </span><st1:placename style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Bhavnagar</st1:placename><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><st1:placename style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Princely</st1:placename><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span><st1:placetype style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">State</st1:placetype><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, <b>Wali-ud-din Khan</b> of Paigah in </span><st1:city style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hyderabad</st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">, <b>Kanwar</b></span><b><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Amar Singh</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">of Kanota in Jaipur, and <b>Aga Kassim
Shah</b> nephew of the Aga Khan. Although enjoying internal autonomy, the princely
states were not completely disconnected from the changes occurring in </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">British India</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">. Their military forces in particular
mirrored the organization of the Indian Army. </span></span></span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2002px; word-spacing: -1px;">The necessary organisational or bureaucratic </span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2145px; word-spacing: -1px;">approach to the recruitment and management of the army enabled the British to overcome the</span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 525px; top: 2289px;"> problems of the pre-1857 army, wher<span class="l6">e customs and caste prejudices had impaired military efficiency.</span></span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2432px; word-spacing: -1px;">The three essentially elements which contributed to this were : 1. the welfare system which provided incentives to</span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2576px; word-spacing: -1px;"><span style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span></span>enlistment and long service;2. regimental organisation, which absorbed the clan and caste ethos of </span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2720px; word-spacing: -1px;">various communities and created new identities; and 3. the courts martial system which imposed a</span><span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2864px; word-spacing: -1px;"> moderate system of coercion to assist with the cohesion and integrity of the individual units. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="a" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; left: 546px; top: 2864px; word-spacing: -1px;"> There were no changes in the Recruitment Policy during the World war I except increased Army strength, introduction of new equipment, guns, cavalry and mules due to mobilisation of the Army for employment over sea's.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span>
</span>
</div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><br style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" />
</span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><u><b>TOTAL RECRUITMENT FROM INDIA TILL THE END OF FIRST WORLD WAR</b></u></span><br />
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">
</span>
</div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><br style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" />
</span>
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<br />
<table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 667px;">
<colgroup><col width="57"></col>
<col width="207"></col>
<col width="120"></col>
<col width="121"></col>
<col width="120"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="57"><b>No</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="207"><b>Province</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="120"><b>Combatant
</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Recruitment</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: 1px solid #000000; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0.1cm;" width="121"><b>Non Combatant
Recruitment</b></td>
<td style="border: 1px solid #000000; padding: 0.1cm;" width="120"><b>Total Recruitment</b></td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="32" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">1</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Madras</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">51,223
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">41,117
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">92,340
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td height="22" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">2</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Bombay</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">41,272
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">30,211</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">71,483</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">3</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Bengal</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">7,117
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">51,935</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">59,052</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">4</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">United Province</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">1,63,578
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">1,17,565</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">2,81,143</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">5</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Punjab</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">349,688
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">97,288</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">4,46,976</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">6</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">NWFP</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">32,181
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">13,050</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">45,231</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">7</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Baluchistan</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">1,761
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">327</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">2,088</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">8</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Burma</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">14,094
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">4,579</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">18,673</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">9</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Bihar and Orissa</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">8,576
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">32,976</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">41,552</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">10</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Central Provinces</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">5,376
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">9,631</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">15, 007</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">11</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Assam</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">942
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">14,182</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">15,124</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57">12</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207">Ajmer & Merwara</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">7,341
<br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121">1,632</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120">8,973</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="57"><br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="207"><b>Total</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120"><b>683,149
</b><br />
<br />
<br /></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="121"><b>4,14,493</b></td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="120"><b>10,97,642</b></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Taken from ' PUNJABISATION ' IN THE
BRITISH
INDIAN ARMY 1857-1947 AND THE ADVENT OF MILITARY RULE
IN
PAKISTAN By Syed Hussain Shaheed Soherwordi
</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">World War II : Class Composition </span><o:p style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></o:p></u></b></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoCfRdxXwI/AAAAAAAABas/Hi5GueOpk5I/s1600/IWM-E-003660-4700-32.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoCfRdxXwI/AAAAAAAABas/Hi5GueOpk5I/s320/IWM-E-003660-4700-32.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Class Composition in the Indian
Army remained as it had been introduced in 1892. However its applicability was
at variance as it was followed rigidly in case of Arms, but was not so rigidly
followed in case of recruitment into Services. Except for South Indian Classes
from </span><st1:place style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on">Southern India</st1:place><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> and Marathas, recruitment
in Services was biased towards North and North Western India from amongst the
so called “martial Classes”.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">As a result of the policy of
recruitment in vogue during those days, regiments and units of Arms had
particular Classes</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">recruited in them and thus became one class or Fixed Class
regiments/ units. The only exception was in the case of recruitment of Southern
Indian wherein these units, were mixed class composition.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoCk7FAtSI/AAAAAAAABa0/LxOaeZ25mF0/s1600/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoCk7FAtSI/AAAAAAAABa0/LxOaeZ25mF0/s320/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">During World War II, the strength
was increased manifold. As a requisite number of volunteers were not available
from the earlier preferred</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">areas</span>/ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">regions</span>/ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">races</span>/ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">classes</span>/ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">castes</span>, the
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">recruitment</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">was thrown open to other regions</span> of <st1:country -region="-region" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> as well. The resultant effect
of this changed policy was as follows:</span></div>
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<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on">ASSAM</st1:country>, <st1:place w:st="on">BIHAR</st1:place> and MAHAR Regiments were raised in 1941. With this the recruitment into Army was thrown open to residents of <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on">Assam</st1:country>, <st1:place w:st="on">Bihar</st1:place>, Orissa, Hill Tracts of North East India and the Mahars from Maharastra.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">SIKH LI Regiment , which was disbanded in 1933 was re-raised in 1941.</li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Recruitment into Signal regiment and other Services was thrown open to all, irrespective of Class/ caste/ region/ area. This resulted in broad basing recruitment into Services including Signal Regiment.</span></li>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pQ7wqUcw9d0/UF3emxN_wxI/AAAAAAAABlw/DiNOQYsK_Q0/s1600/Sep_GS_Negi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pQ7wqUcw9d0/UF3emxN_wxI/AAAAAAAABlw/DiNOQYsK_Q0/s1600/Sep_GS_Negi.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Physical Criteria</span><o:p style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"></o:p></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Physical Standards for recruitment relate to the
height, chest and weight measurement of a recruit. Prior to World War II, the physical standards
were laid down for recruitment into Arms and Services and were common for all
classes/ casts/ regions and areas of India, the racio-ethnic differences was
taken into account. This was making availability of volunteers further
difficult. During WWII, not only the
physical standards were laid down, but medical standards and age of recruitment also underwent a
change. The ages for recruitment were further relaxed in June 1942. Physical
Standards laid before the beginning of the WWI and applicable till June 1942
were as follows:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> <b>Class </b></span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Height</b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><u>Chest</u></b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span><b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Weight</span><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></div>
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<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Muslims/ Sikhs</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">5’6</span>” <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">331/2”</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">115 lbs</span>/ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Jats</span> /<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> Rajputs</span>/<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Ahirs</span></li>
</ul>
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<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Dogras </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">5’ 5”</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">34"</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">115 lbs</span></li>
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<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Kumaonies</span>/ <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">5’6”</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">341/2”</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">118 lbs </span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Garhwalies</span></div>
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</div>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Madrasies</span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">5’4”</span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">331/2” 110 lbs</span></li>
</ul>
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<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Gurkhas</span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> </span> <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">5’0” 33” 110 lbs</span></li>
</ul>
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</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JpRfz7DURrI/UF3fIx0Rj4I/AAAAAAAABl4/pYuw-RBFimo/s1600/India+in+world+war+two+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="316" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JpRfz7DURrI/UF3fIx0Rj4I/AAAAAAAABl4/pYuw-RBFimo/s320/India+in+world+war+two+4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The Martial Class Theory of the British</b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">
<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Martial Race</span></b></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"> was a designation created by Army officials
of British India, who observed that the Scottish
Highlanders were more fierce in battle than others in <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on">Britain</st1:country>, and extended this concept to <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country>, where
they classified each ethnic group into one of two categories: 'Martial' and
'Non-Martial'. A 'martial race' was typically considered brave and well-built
for fighting. The
'non-martial races' were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle
because of their sedentary lifestyles. "Race" in 19th century
terminology corresponds to the contemporary term "ethnic group", and
is here not used in the sense of the "great races" of scientific
racism corresponding to modern notions of race.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"> The British faced fierce resistance in some regions while easily
conquering some others. The British officials sought 'martial races' accustomed
to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>hunting<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>or agricultural cultures from hilly or
mountainous regions with a history of conflict. Still others were excluded due
to their 'ease of living' or branded as<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>seditious<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>agitators.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>doctrine<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of 'martial races' postulated that the
qualities that make a useful soldier are inherited and that most Indians, with
the exception of the specified groups, did not have the requisite<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>genes<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that would make them warriors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The British
recruited heavily from the 'martial races' for service in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>colonial army. Sensing the
inequalities and fierce loyalty to one's tribe or group of the diverse native
peoples of the subcontinent, the British found opportunities to use it to their
own great advantage. These already wide divides were a fertile breeding ground
to inculcate pride in one's identity based on 'race'. This served the British
in two ways. On the one hand it made sure that there was no repeat of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian rebellion of 1857<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>by ensuring there was no unity among
the different subjects of the Raj. On the other hand it encouraged a sense of
competition among the different 'races'.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">A British general
and scholar, Lieutenant-General Sir<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="color: black;">George
MacMunn</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(1869–1952)
noted in his writings "It is only necessary for a feeling to arise that it
is impious and disgraceful to serve the British, for the whole of our fabric to
tumble like a house of cards without a shot being fired or a sword
unsheathed".<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>To this end, it
became British policy to recruit only from those tribes whom they classified as
members of the 'martial races' and the practice became an integral part of the
recruitment manuals for the Army in the British Raj. According to Dr. Jeffrey
Greenhut, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who
were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as
brave were uneducated and backward."<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The British
regarded the 'martial races' as valiant and strong but also intellectually
challenged, lacking the initiative or<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>leadership<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>qualities to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>command<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>large troops.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>They were also regarded as politically
subservient or docile to authority. For these reasons, the 'martial races'
theory did not apply in the case of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>officer<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>recruitment, which was based on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>social class<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and loyalty to the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>British Raj.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>One source calls this a
"pseudo-ethnological" construction, which was popularised by<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Frederick Sleigh Roberts, and created
serious deficiencies in troop levels during the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>World Wars, compelling them to recruit
from 'non-martial races'.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>In fact,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Winston Churchill<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was reportedly concerned that the
theory was abandoned during the war and wrote to the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Commander-in-Chief, <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>that he must, "rely as much as
possible on the martial races".<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>After<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian Independence, the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian Army<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>abandoned this theory and recruitment
took place without<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>discrimination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Critics of this theory state that the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian rebellion of 1857<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>may have played a role in reinforcing
the British belief in 'martial races'. During this event some Indian troops
(known as 'Sepoys'), particularly n <st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place>,
mutinied, butloyal'<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pathans,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Punjabis,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Gurkhas,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kumaoni/Kumaunis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Garhwalis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>did not join the mutiny and fought on
the side of the British Army. From then on, this theory was used to the hilt to
accelerate recruitment from among these 'races', whilst discouraging enlistment
of 'disloyal' Bengalis and high-caste<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Hindus<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>who had sided with the rebel army
during the war.<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Race#cite_note-12#cite_note-12"><span style="color: #0645ad;">]</span></a></sup><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Some
authors, such as Heather Streets, argue that the military authorities puffed up
the images of the martial soldiers by writing regimental histories, and by
extolling the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kilted<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Scots,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kukri-wielding Gurkhas and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>turbaned<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Sikhs in numerous paintings.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The 'Martial Race' theory has also
been described as a clever British effort to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>divide
and rule<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>the people of <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country> for their
own political ends. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoVDjB3gHI/AAAAAAAABa8/BebLK821j1E/s1600/Lovett-Rajput-Regiments.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoVDjB3gHI/AAAAAAAABa8/BebLK821j1E/s320/Lovett-Rajput-Regiments.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The Rajput Regiment</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;"> </span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The hill men<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kumaonis,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Garhwalis,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Dogras<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Gorkhas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>were initially a great impediment to
the establishment of the <st1:place w:st="on">British Empire</st1:place> but
once they gave their loyalty to the British they helped them greatly in their
administration and were thus conferred the status of martial race.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kumaonis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>had helped the British in their
efforts against the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Gurkhas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Nepal War. When they were observed by
the British to be fighting from both sides — the British as well as the Gorkha
side — their valour was given recognition by the British and they were included
in the British Army. It is interesting to note that the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>3rd Gorkha Rifles<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was known as the Kumaon battalion when
it was formed and it included Kumaonis as well as the Garhwalis along with the
Gorkhas. The Kumaonis, once accepted as a martial race, were themselves to be
recruited in the <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Hyderabad</st1:place></st1:city>
regiment and displace the native troops, ultimately becoming the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kumaon Regiment<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>after Independence of India.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The biggest loser
in the implementation of the Martial Races theory were the units of native
infantry and cavalry of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Madras
Presidency. After the 1857 uprising, the military hierarchy of <st1:place w:st="on">British India</st1:place> disbanded the local troops of South Indian
origin and replaced them with troops of the so called martial races. This action
was a poor reward to the Madras Army which had defeated<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Tipu Sultan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Marathas<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>and had remained loyal throughout the
mutiny. It is in this manner, that the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Punjab
Regiment<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>became the most senior
regiment of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian Army<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>as it originated from the first<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Madras Native Infantry<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>battalions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</h2>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1941,_field_marshall_sir_claude_auchenlek._commander_in_chief_of_india_reviewing_amb_state_guard.jpg"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">British declared
'martial races' in <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country>,
listed in alphabetical order:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Ahir/Jadhav/Yadavs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Awans<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Bengali<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(excluded after rebellion)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Bhumihar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>( excluded later after rebellions )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Dogra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Gakhars<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Qaimkhanis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Garhwalis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gurkhas</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Jats<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Janjua<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Gujjar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Meena<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Kamboj/Kamboh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Kodava<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(Coorgs)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Khokhar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Tarkhan (<st1:place w:st="on">Punjab</st1:place>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Kumaoni/Kumaunis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Mukkulathors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Mahars<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Dhund Abbasis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Sainis<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of <st1:place w:st="on">Punjab</st1:place><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Satti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Sudhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Nairs<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(removed
after rebelling)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Pathans<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Rajputs<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Race#cite_note-Mazumdar_Rajit-23#cite_note-Mazumdar_Rajit-23"></a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">Sikhs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18pt; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: small;">§<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">Tanolis</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoVcBf-qfI/AAAAAAAABbE/HoAAFU647Eo/s1600/rajput1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoVcBf-qfI/AAAAAAAABbE/HoAAFU647Eo/s200/rajput1.jpeg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
The</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Marathas</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">were classified as 'non-martial', <b>ignoring</b> the military achievements of
the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Maratha Empire</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">or the Maratha Regiment's contribution
against the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Turks during the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">First World War, when they were
recruited by the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">British Indian
Army. However, the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Jadhavs, the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Dhangars</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">and the</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Mahars</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">considered by British as martial races
belong to the Marathi community.</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Marāthā</b></span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">has three related usages: within the
Marathi speaking region it describes the dominant Maratha caste or to the
Maratha and</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Kunbi</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">castes together; outside</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Maharashtra</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">or generally it can refer to the
entire regional population of</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Marathi-speaking
people; historically, it describes the Maratha Empire founded by</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">Shivaji</span><span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span style="font-size: small;">in the seventeenth century and
continued by his successors, which included many castes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoVmSByEOI/AAAAAAAABbM/BqwjKksSEPA/s1600/tamu_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoVmSByEOI/AAAAAAAABbM/BqwjKksSEPA/s320/tamu_lg.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"><b> Indian troops in Burma</b></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 10pt;"> </span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoWCbynoZI/AAAAAAAABbU/wNHyzGIPOCs/s1600/sher_crew_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoWCbynoZI/AAAAAAAABbU/wNHyzGIPOCs/s320/sher_crew_lg.jpg" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The Mahars were
recruited by the Maratha<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>King
Shivaji<span class="apple-converted-space"> Maharaj</span>a scouts and fort guards
in his army. They were also heavily recruited by the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>British East India Company, at one
part forming one-sixth of the Company's Bombay Army. The Bombay Army especially
favoured the Mahar troops for their bravery and loyalty to the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Colours, and also because they could
be relied upon during the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Anglo-Maratha
Wars. They achieved many successes, most notably on the 1st of January 1818,
when 500 men of the 2nd Battalion 1st Regiment of the Bombay Native Light
Infantry along with 250 cavalrymen and 24 cannon defeated 20,000 horsemen and
8,000 foot soldiers of the Maratha Army in what would be called the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Battle of Koregaon. This battle was
commemorated by an obelisk, known as the Koregaon pillar, which featured on the
Mahar Regiment crest until Indian Independence. The Bombay Army also saw action
in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian Mutiny of 1857, and
two regiments (the 21st and 27th) joined the revolt under the British.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The South Indian
troops who had proved their valour in the battlefields of central and south <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country> were
disbanded after 1857 to make way for more martial races. The recruitment of
'Madrassis' for infantry only took place during the Second World War when large
numbers of troops were required to defend <st1:place w:st="on">British Empire</st1:place>
in the form of a newly raised<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Madras
Regiment. The<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Nairs<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kerala<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>were initially included in the list,
however after the Nairs of Travancore rebelled against the British under<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Velu Thampi Dalawa, they were
recruited in lower numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoWPYyQXkI/AAAAAAAABbc/QGYBwVt3ndc/s1600/sherman_lg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoWPYyQXkI/AAAAAAAABbc/QGYBwVt3ndc/s200/sherman_lg.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: small;">The martial race
classification, which was created by the British, still has a huge influence
on the recruiting policies of the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Indian
Army. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
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<b><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: 18pt;"> </span></b>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Expansion of the Army</span></b></span>
<br />
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The initial expansion of the Indian Army during the war was based very
largely on it's pre war class composition. Only as the war progressed was the
field of recruitment widened to include many new classes/ castes/ races/ areas
from the whole of <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on">India</st1:country></st1:place>..
Before the British created Manpower Directorate in the Army Headquarters,
demands of recruitment was placed by the Recruitment Depots and Centres
directly on the Recruitment Centres. This almost always resulted in a lopsided
demand for recruits from some prominent "Martial Classes" like Sikhs,
Jats, Gurjars, Ahirs, Marathas and Pathans. Although intensive propaganda
& advertisement was carried out amongst these much in demand classes,
the recruitment demand was never met in full. There were many factors for the
demand not being met in full, the important ones are as follows:</span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The agriculture produce fetched very high prices during the war period.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Cost of casual labour was very high and landlords discouraged their own sons, as also the sons of their tenants to join the army.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The pay in non technical arms was poor compare to what a labourer was able to make at home.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The fear of posting to a foreign land also played it's part.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Despite the above mentioned problems, Indians came in numbers to join the
Army. During the period from 1939 to 1945, the British Indian Army expanded from
some 1,75,000 to 2,000,00, and it was all voluntary. The details of recruitment
from various regions/ states during World War II was as follows:</span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Bombay</st1:place></st1:city> region - 1,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Southern region - 5,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Punjab </st1:place>- 8,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Central India</st1:place> - 25,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">UP - 4,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Assam</st1:place></st1:country> - 20,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Bengal</st1:place> region - 2,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:place w:st="on">Bihar</st1:place> - 1,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Other States - 2,00,000</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Nepal</st1:place></st1:country> - 1,25,000 </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="color: red;">It is a matter of interest to note that over
36,000 Indian members of the armed forces were killed or went missing in
action, and 64,354 were wounded during the war. Indian personnel received 4,000
awards for gallantry, and 31 VCs. The only VC winner from elsewhere in the
Empire was Corporal Sefanaia Sukanaivalu, of the <st1:country -region="-region" w:st="on">Fiji</st1:country>
Military Forces, who earned this highest of all commendations in June 1944, at <st1:place w:st="on">Bougainville</st1:place>.</span></i></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoWchmQOMI/AAAAAAAABbk/ESWaq2xVDNI/s1600/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_kWbQ6zywUDc/TBoWchmQOMI/AAAAAAAABbk/ESWaq2xVDNI/s320/Newly-arrived_Indian_troops.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> The recruitment of Pathans was specially very difficult due to the very rigid tribal composition in units/ regiments.By the end of the World war II, recruitment in Army had been introduced to almost all parts of the country, but with varying success.Recruitment from Baluchistan, Sind and Assam equaled to the desertions of troops from these areas. recruitment from Sind and Baluchistan stopped. However continued with some success from Assam particularly in the Assam regiment. However recruitment of Assamese in Royal Indian Army Service Corps (Transport) was discontinued for their high rate of desertion, specially after completion of training. By the time the War ended, Punjab was the most represented state in the Army, followed by Madras. In fact Armoured Corps was the only arm, in which the troops from Madras State were not represented.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The expansion of the catchment for recruitment during the war resulted in a number of tribes/ classes/ castes being enrolled in the Indian Army. The following is the list of classes which did not have representation in Army before the war, but were enrolled during the war and were subsequently accepted. These are:</span></div>
<ul>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Assamese </b>- Enrolled mainly for RIASC (MT, Indian Pioneer Corps and Assam regiment</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bengali's</b> - Enrolled mainly in Indian Pioneer Corps.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bihar Aboriginals</b> - Accepted for Infantry and Indian Pioneer Corps.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Brahmins</b> - Accepted in all arms & services.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Schedule Castes - </b>Initially accepted only in Indian Pioneer Corps, but later on recruited in Animal Transport Units,, Royal ASC (MT), They even had their own Infantry Regiment called " Chamar Regiment", however it was soon disbanded and remnants merged the Punjab Regiment.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WPL-Z-jLAo8/UF3gR8IxpUI/AAAAAAAABmI/7lYOj2MZ1eY/s1600/comm_ww2_poster_together.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-WPL-Z-jLAo8/UF3gR8IxpUI/AAAAAAAABmI/7lYOj2MZ1eY/s320/comm_ww2_poster_together.png" width="213" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span>
<br />
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Bombay &; Central Provinces.</b> There were miscellaneous classes found in the specified areas, they were accepted for Royal ASC ( MT) and Indian Pioneer Corps.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dotials</b> - Accepted for Pioneer Corps and did some excellent job on the Burma Front.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Gilgits</b> - Accepted for Mountain Artillery Training Centres ( MACT) and the First Punjab Regiment. where they were mixed with muslim troops.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kabirpanthis</b> - They are from the areas of Dogras and were mixed with them in DOGRA units</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Lingayats</b> - By the end of the war an entire garrison battalion was Lingayats was included in the Maratha Light Infantry. A large portion of these tropps came from the Hyderabad State.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Mahsuds</b> - They were accepted specially for Royal ASC (MT) where they proved themselves.</span></li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Mahars</b> - Before the war they were only enrolled in the Territorial Army units of the Maratha Light </span><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Infantry, however on raising of the Mahar Regiment in 1941, they were enrolled for the MAHAR Regt.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Oriyas</b> - They were enrolled for the Indian Pioneer Corps. </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Recruitment Organisation in General Headquarters</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Before 1939 the recruiting staff at General Headquarters was concerned only with recruitment of Combatants and non combatants in Indian Army. In jan 1940, a Director of Recruiting was appointed, of the rank of a brigadier. later on recruitment of all three services was over seen by the Director Recruitment. He was given a section each from Navy and Air force for this task. A small secretariat was added to the recruiting directorate. It consisted of an Officer Supervisor (Recruiting)for coordination of recruitment of all three services. The organisation of a typical recruiting centre was:</span></div>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Recruiting Officer (ROs)- Lt Col.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Deputy Recruiting Officer (DROs) - Lt Col / Major </span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Assistant Recruiting Officer (ARO) - Major/ Captain</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Senior Recruiting Medical Officer </span><span style="font-size: small;">(SRMOs)</span><span style="font-size: small;"> - Major, IMS, IAMS </span></li>
</ul>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> or</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;"> Recruiting Medical Officer (RMO)- captain/ or a civilian Doctor including Private medical Practitioner.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Extra Assistant Recruiting Officers (EAROs)- Civilians/ non gazetted status or ex VCOs.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Honorary Assistant Recruiting Officers (HAROs)- Local Influential Civilians of status.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Paid Recruiters (PRs)- Civilians or ex soldiers.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> Immediately after India gained Independence, Recruitment in Army was being looked after by MT-5, then under AG's Branch. Subsequently Recruitment Directorate was put under MT Branch. A number of retired JCO's and NCO's were re employed as civilian EARO's or as JCO's / NCO's in one rank below which they retired / were discharged. They could earn their second pension if they completed the required service satisfactorily. </span><br />
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<b><u>Post Independence </u></b></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">The need for abolishing prefential treatment for the so called Martial Races and to broad based recruitment into the Army was felt on independence. The broad based recruitment policy was initiated in 1947 but it's implementation was put aside due to the external threat India faced in 1948. A start was again made in 1948 when recruitment in certain units of Armoured Corps , Artillery, Infantry which hitherto had 'Fixed Class' was opened to all citizens (All Class). This measure was in addation to the Services and certain Corps like Signals where recruitment was already opened to All Class. On 01 Feb 1949 the Ministry of Defence, Government of Indiaissued a press conference note announcing that <b><i>"With a view to eliminating communal and caste differences in the Indian Army so as to make it representative of nationals in the Army. , it has been decided to abolish class composition based on Fixed Percentages and recruitmentto Army is open to All Classes" </i></b>This was emphasised by Gen KM Cariappa, the then COAS, in various forums including during his visit to units and formation and address to troops and civil gatherings. The whole idea of Martial and non martial races was abhorrrent to the COAS. <b><i>"We are all Martial, every one of us, I do not understand why any body still gives publicity to this nonsence of Martial Races." said General Cariappa.</i></b> Considering this, Bengalies, who were considered non martial class were recruited and a nucleus of 200 recruits to form Bengali Companies later to be merged with the Rajput Regiment to be trained at Rajput Regiment Training Centre at Fathegarh in Uttar Pradesh. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"> In order to make the Indian Army more broad based, Indian Army Order was published in 1949. The gist of this order was as follows:-</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Except for the Armoured Corps and Infantry, new raisings of all Arms / Services / Corps will be on mixed class basis, and recruitment in to these will be thrown open to all class, creed or region.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Steps wil be taken to reorganise the existing one class / fixed class units of the afected Arms / Services to ensure that theses are organised on class less composition as soon as possible.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> Gen KM Cariappa, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">Subsequently in 1953 again order was issued to make the recruitment more based into a number of other units of certain Arms / Services to make the Indian Army more broad based and recruitment directorate was directed to draw bulk of their recruits from rural areas.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">In 1963 a Stastical Analysis was carried out on the recruitment in the Army and based on the results the following was decided:-</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">New units / regiments being raised in Paras, Guards, and certain units of Grenadiers , Rajputs, Marathas will have certail All India All Class.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">To increase the representations from the Eastern and North East Areas two addational battalions were alloted to Assam Regiment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">To increase the representation of Oriyas, two addational battalions were alloted to Bihar Regiment.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">New raising in Artillery to have Khaim Khanis, Schedule castes from Northern Zone, Bengalis and Oriyas.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Subsequently the representation of All Classes for Eastern Zone, Ahirs, Gujjars, Schedule Castes from Northern Zone, Khaim Khanis, Hindustani Mussalams from UP/ MP, Other Indian Castes from Gujrat, Mysore and West Bengal was increased in Artillery.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<u><b><span style="font-size: small;">Recruitment based on </span><span style="font-size: small;">Recruitable Male Population (RMP)</span></b></u></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">After the Indo Pak war of 1965 the recruitment was again reviewed and a phased programme was drawn to regulate recruitment demands to various States/ Zones in proporation to the Recruitable Male Population (RMP). RMP is defined as that proporation of the population which is minimum class 5 pass and between 17 to 25 years of age. It was computed by Dr NT Mathew the then Chief Stastical Officer, that this was 11.7% of the Total Male Population. For ease of calculation this has been rounded off to 10%. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;">In 1967 it was decided that recruitment vacancies of All India all Class will be distributed in proporation to a Zone/ State's RMP. This will ensure more equitable distributation of these vacancies. Vacancies of the Zones/ States which were the traditional recruitment areas for the Army was gradually reduced 10% annually so as not to upset/ adversely affect the employment prospects in these areas in a phased manner. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 18pt; margin: 4.8pt 0in 6pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"> This issue of broad basing the recruitment was again raised by the civilian bureaucrats in 1971. They were of the opinion that the entire recruitment be done on All India All Class and all caste / class based recruitment be gradually reduced. The then COAS of the Army Gen SHFJ Maneksaw ordered a Board of Officers headed by a Maj Gen to examine all issues raised by the Ministry of Defence and put up a comprehensive report. Due to the 1971 war, the study group could only give their report in mid 1973. The main recommendation of the Study Group were as follows:-</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Recruitment in Armoured and Artillery was recommended to be made fully broad based in next 20 years.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">No change was recommended in the Engineers except that the share of Sikhs (M&R) was to be reduced from 40% to 20% in the Bombay Engineers.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Recruitment in the Services and Signals was recommended to be based RMP on All India All Caste basis as hitherto fore.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">No change was recommended in recruitment in Infantry.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">The existing physical standards were recommended to be continued. Changes were recommended in weight which was recommended to conform to the height and age.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">Minimum class 5 was laid for recruitment in Infantry. However existing education standards were recommended to be revised to accommodate differing pattern of education in the country.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: small;">The existing Zonal Recruiting Organisation and Branch Recruiting Organisations were recommended to be increased.</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"> <u><b>Present Policy</b></u></span></div>
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At present all vacancies are filled in Army based on the following:-<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Fixed Class Vacancies: These are those vacancies which are alloted specific to a caste / class e.g RAJPUT or SIKH or JAT or KUMAON or GARHWAL and so on. These vacancies are for units / regiments having a fixed / mixed class composition e.g. Rajput Regt / Jat Regt / Sikh Regt etc.</li>
<li>All India All Class: These are those vacancies which are alloted for enrolmentof any person of India irrespective of his class / region / areaand so on. as in Signals / Army Medical Corps / Electrical Mechinal Engineers and so on. </li>
</ul>
All vacancies are alloted strictly as per the Recruitable Male Population (RMP) of that Zone / Region / Regiment etc. No dilutation in this is accepted and it is ensured that al enrollment takes place based on RMP, for example the vacancies for the following castes are alloted strictly based on the RMP of that caste for that particular state / region:-<br />
<ul>
<li>SIKHS(Other than M&R): Rajasthan 5%, UttarPradesh 5%, NCR 5%, Haryana 10% and Punjab 75%.</li>
<li>SIKH (M&R): Rajasthan 5%, Undivided UttarPradesh 5%, NCR 5%, Haryana 10% and Punjab 75%.</li>
<li>BENGALI: West Bengal 95%, Balance of North East 5%</li>
</ul>
The recruitment in Army has been made broad based since the recruitment in Army is being done on RMP basis. However in so far as selection of officers is concerned, all selection is done strictly on merit, caste, creed, region etc have no role to play. There is however one more anomaly which needs to be addressed There are still a large number of Units in Armoured Corps, Artillery Regiment, Infantry and Engineer Regiments which still have a caste/ class based enrollment. Due to historical baggage which the Army has inherited, these castes/ classes belong to the so called "Martial Class". Such vacancies form approximately 40% of the total strength of the Army. It is a very complex problem and needs a very mature handling to ensure that the fighting capabilities of the Army specially the fighting arms is not compromised. <br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<u><b>TABLE OF RMP OF VARIOUS STATES AND UNION TERRITORIES BASED ON WHICH VACANCIES ARE ALLOTED TO RECRUITING ZONES</b></u></div>
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Recruiting Zone State/ Union Territory RMP % of Rect Zone <br />
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AJMER<br />
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RAJASTHAN<br />
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5.25%<br />
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AMBALA<br />
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HARYANA( LESS GURGAON & FARIDABAD DISTS)<br />
HIMACHAL PRADESH<br />
CHANDIGARH UT<br />
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
2.36%<br />
<br />
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BANGALORE<br />
<br />
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KARNATAKA<br />
KERALA<br />
LAKSHDWEEP<br />
GOA<br />
MAHE UT<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
8.62%<br />
<br />
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KOLKATTA<br />
<br />
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
WEST BENGAL<br />
SIKKIM<br />
ORISSA<br />
AREAS OF BIHAR UNDER KATIHAR BRO<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
14.62%<br />
<br />
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DANAPUR<br />
<br />
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
BIHAR ( LESS JURISDICTION OF KATHIHAR BRO)<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
7.46%<br />
<br />
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JABALPUR<br />
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</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
MADHYA PRADESH<br />
CHATTIS GARH<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
7.80%<br />
<br />
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">JALANDHAR</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
PUNJAB<br />
JAMMU & KASHMIR<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
3.37%<br />
<br />
</td>
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<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">LUCKNOW</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
UTTAR PRADESH<br />
UTTARKHAND<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
16.86%<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">CHENNAI</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
TAMIL NADU<br />
ANDHRA PRADESH<br />
ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS<br />
PONDICHERRY (LESS MAHE UT)<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
14.25%<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">PUNE</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
MAHARASTRA<br />
GUJRAT<br />
DAMAN & DIU<br />
DADAR & NAGAR HAVELI</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
14.18%<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
SHILLONG<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
ASSAM<br />
MEGHALAYA<br />
ARUNACHAL PRADESH<br />
NAGALAND<br />
MANIPUR<br />
TRIPURA<br />
MIZORAM<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
3.72%<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
DELHI NCR<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: none; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
DELHI<br />
HARYANA( GURGAON & FARIDABAD DISTS ONLY)<br />
<br />
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1px solid #000000; border-left: 1px solid #000000; border-right: 1px solid #000000; border-top: none; padding-bottom: 0.1cm; padding-left: 0.1cm; padding-right: 0.1cm; padding-top: 0cm;" width="206">
1.50%<br />
<br />
</td>
</tr>
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